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1.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 23(6): 1837-1848, jun. 2018. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-952660

ABSTRACT

Resumo O artigo apresenta um balanço da política brasileira de controle do tabaco de 1986 a 2016, baseando-se em contribuições dos referenciais da economia política e da análise de políticas públicas. A institucionalização do controle do tabaco no país foi marcada por mudanças mais gerais da política de saúde e por eventos específicos relacionados ao tema. A liderança brasileira no cenário internacional, a sólida estruturação da Política Nacional de Controle do Tabaco e o papel da sociedade civil e dos meios de comunicação contribuíram para o sucesso do controle do tabaco no Brasil. No entanto, persistem desafios relacionados à diversificação de produção em áreas plantadas de fumo, ao comércio ilícito, à interferência da indústria do fumo e à sustentabilidade da Política. O estudo reforça a relevância de serem consideradas, na análise de políticas de saúde complexas, as relações entre contexto internacional e nacional e a articulação entre diferentes setores e atores governamentais e não governamentais. A continuidade e a consolidação da política de controle do tabaco dependem da persistência de um marco institucional amplo que norteie a atuação do Estado na proteção social, consoante com as diretrizes do Sistema Único de Saúde.


Abstract The article presents a review of Brazilian tobacco control policies from 1986 to 2016, based on contributions from political economics and analyses of public policies. The institutionalization of tobacco control in the country was marked by more general changes in health policies and by specific events related to the theme. Brazil's international leadership role, a robust National Tobacco Control Policy, the role of civil society and the media all contributed to the success of tobacco control in this country. However, challenges remain regarding crop diversification in tobacco farms, illegal trade in cigarettes, pressure from the tobacco industry and the sustainability of the Policy. This study reinforces the importance of bearing in mind the relationship between the domestic and international context, and the articulation between different governmental and non-governmental sectors and players when analyzing complex health policies. Continuity and consolidation of the tobacco control policies depend on the persistence of a broad institutional framework to guide the State's actions in social protection, in accordance with Unified Healthcare System guidelines.


Subject(s)
Humans , Public Policy , Tobacco Industry/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking Prevention/legislation & jurisprudence , National Health Programs/organization & administration , Nicotiana/growth & development , Brazil , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Guidelines as Topic , Tobacco Products/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Policy
2.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 33(supl.3): e00080516, 2017. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-889809

ABSTRACT

Resumo: O estudo objetivou compreender os conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas de agricultoras que trabalham no processo de produção do tabaco sobre os impactos sociais, ambientais e à saúde, decorrentes desta atividade econômica. Nesta pesquisa qualitativa, a técnica de grupos focais foi empregada e os temas foram explorados até a saturação. O estudo foi realizado em um município da Região Sul do Brasil, em 2013, e contou com 64 agricultoras. As discussões mostraram que as participantes conhecem os agravos à saúde associados às cargas de trabalho presentes no processo de produção do fumo, como: doença da folha verde do tabaco, intoxicação por agrotóxicos, distúrbios osteoarticulares, entre outros. Igualmente, evidenciou a preocupação com os impactos negativos da fumicultura sobre o ambiente. Contudo, demonstraram apreensão frente à tomada de decisões a favor da mudança para outra alternativa de produção sustentável, enfatizando que sem apoio continuado e sistemático do poder público não há garantias para o enfrentamento da situação. Sob esse aspecto, elencaram um conjunto de fatores que contribuem para a permanência na fumicultura, como: pequenas áreas para cultivo, falta de garantia de mercado para o escoamento de produção, endividamento com as indústrias fumageiras. A pesquisa mostrou que uma abordagem integradora é necessária para enfrentar os problemas dos produtores de tabaco, considerando-se um equilíbrio entre as crenças dos agricultores e decisões políticas. Essa abordagem, em consonância com as recomendações da Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da OMS , pode resultar no fortalecimento de políticas e ações para promover a saúde e o desenvolvimento sustentável local.


Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue comprender los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de agricultoras, que trabajan en el proceso de producción del tabaco, así como sus impactos sociales, ambientales y a la salud, derivados de esta actividad económica. En esta investigación cualitativa, se empleó la técnica de grupos focales y los temas se exploraron a fondo. El estudio se realizó en un municipio de la región sur de Brasil, en 2013, y contó con 64 agricultoras. Las discusiones mostraron que las participantes conocen los problemas de salud asociados a las cargas de trabajo presentes en el proceso de producción del tabaco, como: la enfermedad del tabaco verde, la intoxicación por pesticidas, enfermedades osteoarticulares, entre otras. Igualmente, se evidenció la preocupación por los impactos negativos del cultivo del tabaco sobre el medioambiente. No obstante, demostraron aprehensión frente a la toma de decisiones a favor del cambio hacia otra alternativa de producción sostenible, enfatizando que sin el apoyo continuado y sistemático del poder público no existen garantías para hacer frente a esta situación. Desde esta perspectiva, expresaron un conjunto de factores que contribuyen a su continuidad en el cultivo del tabaco, como: pequeñas áreas para el cultivo, falta de garantía del mercado para la salida de la producción, endeudamiento con las industrias del tabaco. La investigación mostró que es necesario un enfoque integrador para enfrentar los problemas de los productores del tabaco, considerándose un equilibrio entre las creencias de los agricultores y las decisiones políticas. Este enfoque, en consonancia con las recomendaciones del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la OMS , puede resultar en el fortalecimiento de políticas y acciones para promover la salud y el desarrollo sostenible local.


Abstract: The study aimed to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of women farmers working in tobacco production concerning the social, environmental, and health impacts of this economic activity. Focus groups were used in this qualitative study, and themes were explored until reaching saturation. The study was conducted in a municipality (county) in southern Brazil in 2013 and included 64 women farmers. The discussions revealed participants' familiarity with health problems associated with workloads in tobacco production: green tobacco sickness, pesticide poisoning, musculoskeletal disorders, and others. The discussions also revealed a concern with the negative impacts of tobacco agriculture on the environment. They also revealed apprehension concerning decisions on switching to alternatives for sustainable agricultural production, emphasizing that on-going and systematic government support would be necessary for such a transition. Women farmers identified various factors that contribute to the persistence of tobacco farming: small holdings for cultivation, lack of guarantees for marketing crops, and indebtedness to tobacco companies. The study showed that an integrated approach is needed to deal with tobacco farmers' problems, considering a balance between farmers' beliefs and government decisions. This approach, in keeping with the recommendations of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, may help strengthen policies and measures to promote health and sustainable local development.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Aged , Young Adult , Nicotiana/growth & development , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Agricultural Workers' Diseases/etiology , Farmers , Rural Population , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil , Rural Health , Surveys and Questionnaires , Risk Factors , Workplace , Focus Groups , Agriculture , Middle Aged
3.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 32(12): e00072415, 2016. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-828406

ABSTRACT

Resumo: O estudo teve por objetivo analisar o processo de produção e comercialização do tabaco no sistema integrado e as condições de vida e trabalho de fumicultores no Sul do Brasil. Foi desenvolvido estudo qualitativo, no período de dezembro de 2010 a agosto de 2011, com realização de 31 entrevistas semiestruturadas com trabalhadores rurais e informantes chave, além de observação participante. A perspectiva ergológica foi o principal referencial analítico. O sistema integrado permite à indústria controlar os valores pagos e a qualidade do fumo. O alto custo dos insumos, o endividamento, a insuficiência do seguro agrícola e a utilização intensiva da força de trabalho familiar caracterizam a produção do tabaco. Riscos de acidentes e doenças foram relacionados ao trabalho na fumicultura. À luz do dispositivo dinâmico a três polos proposto pela ergologia, o enfrentamento dos problemas exige a confrontação entre os polos do saber dos trabalhadores e o do conhecimento técnico e científico, articulados com responsabilidade ética e social.


Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the tobacco farming and marketing process in an integrated system and tobacco farmers' living and working conditions in Southern Brazil. A qualitative study was conducted from December 2010 to August 2011, with 31 semi-structured interviews with tobacco farmers and key informants, besides participant observation. The principal analytical reference was the ergological perspective. The integrated system allows the tobacco industry to control the amounts paid and the tobacco's quality. Tobacco growing features high cost of inputs, farmers' indebtedness, insufficient crop insurance, and intensive use of family labor. Accident and disease risks were associated with work in tobacco farming. According to the dynamic three-pole model proposed by ergology, dealing with these problems requires confronting the workers' knowledge with technical and scientific knowledge, linked with ethical and social responsibility.


Resumen: El estudio tuvo por objetivo analizar el proceso de producción y comercialización del tabaco en el sistema integrado, así como las condiciones de vida y trabajo de los agricultores del tabaco en el Sur de Brasil. Se desarrolló un estudio cualitativo, durante el período de diciembre de 2010 a agosto de 2011, con la realización de 31 entrevistas semiestructuradas en trabajadores rurales e informantes clave, además de la observación participativa. La perspectiva ergológica fue el principal referente analítico. El sistema integrado permite a la industria controlar los valores pagados y la calidad del tabaco. El alto coste de los insumos, el endeudamiento, la insuficiencia del seguro agrícola y la utilización intensiva de la fuerza de trabajo familiar caracterizan la producción del tabaco. Riesgos de accidentes y enfermedades fueron relacionados con el trabajo en la agricultura del tabaco. A la luz del dispositivo dinámico de tres polos, propuesto por la ergología, la superación de los problemas exige la confrontación entre los polos del saber de los trabajadores y del conocimiento técnico y científico, articulados con la responsabilidad ética y social.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Nicotiana/growth & development , Occupational Exposure , Tobacco Industry/economics , Farmers/psychology , Rural Population , Brazil , Interviews as Topic , Workplace , Tobacco Industry/statistics & numerical data , Qualitative Research , Farmers/statistics & numerical data
4.
Rio de Janeiro; ACT; 2012. ilus, tab.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS, ColecionaSUS, Inca | ID: biblio-939007
5.
Assiut University Bulletin for Environmental Researches. 2010; 13 (1): 1-10
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-97545

ABSTRACT

Yemen Is the richest country in the Arabian Peninsula in Its biodiversity at all levels; genes, species, ecosystems and traditional knowledge. It is believed that the two serious threats to biodiversity are habitat destruction and nonnative species invasion in any ecosystem. Inspite of the observed threats of exotic invasive plant species In Yemen, these plants continue to be unchecked and unmonitored. The objective of study is to provide information and accurate identification of the most abundant exotic invasive plant species. Pilot survey of these plant species was carried out mainly in mountainous areas which is the most fragile ecosystems. Interviews with local people for primary assessment of the invasive plant species impact were also made, in addition to primary field observations. The results indicated that new invasive plant species were recorded in the country, although they are very abundant at this time, parthenium hysterophorus was recorded for the first time in hillsides In Hajah. Parthenium hysterophorus is sensitizer causes many health problems to human and animals, it also strong allelopathic weed. This weed in addition to the unpalatable and allelopathic Tagetes minuta has replaced native grazing vegetation in escarpment and the last has also invested the wastelands, roadsides, grazing lands, and abandoned fields even at above elevation of 3000 m. Tagetes minuta has led to reduction in population of Acacia asak trees and other species in the invasion areas. Opuntia dillenii was found at Bura mountains at the core of the protected area, its very serious threat to biodiversity and it causes blindness to animals and human whom get in contact with it. Other species were moving from the valleys upward in way to Bura mountains like prosopis sp., on the other hand, new Invasive species of nicotiania glauca was recorded In mountains surrounding Sana'a city. The distribution of some of the most abundant Invasive plant species and their observed impact will be presented in this paper


Subject(s)
Data Collection/methods , Pilot Projects , Biodiversity , /growth & development , Tagetes/growth & development , Opuntia/growth & development , Nicotiana/growth & development
6.
Rev. biol. trop ; 56(3): 1053-1061, sep. 2008. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-637846

ABSTRACT

Experimental tolerance to boron of the plant species Nicotiana glauca, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Tecoma stans, Medicago sativa y Spinacea oleracea in Argentina. The activity of boron industries is a punctual and diffuse source of air, soil and water pollution. Therefore, it is a priority to study possible ways of reducing this impact. A relatively new technology for reducing soil pollution is phytoremediation, which uses plants and associate microorganisms. The first step in phytoremediation is to detect tolerant plant species, which is the objective of this work. A laboratory experiment to assess the germination, survival and growth of different species at different boron concentrations was carried out following a factorial design with two factors: plant species and boron concentration. Boron concentrations were determined at the beginning and the end of the experiment, taking into account substrates with and without vegetation. We found significant differences for treatment, species and the interaction species*treatment. N. glauca, M. sativa and J. mimosifolia were the most tolerant species. The other species had a decrease in the response variables, with the concentration of the pollutant. All the species had a low survival at the highest boron concentration. The reduction in boron concentration at the end of the experiment was higher in the 30 ppm treatment with M. sativa and the lower was registered in the 20 ppm treatment with J. mimosifolia and in 30 ppm with T. stans and S. oleraceae. We conclude that N. glauca, M. sativa and J. mimosifolia can be considered in remediation plans. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1053-1061. Epub 2008 September 30.


La actividad de las industrias borateras constituye una fuente puntual y difusa de contaminación del aire, suelo y aguas superficiales y profundas. Por lo tanto, el estudio y experimentación acerca de las posibles formas de contrarrestar este impacto constituye una prioridad. Una técnica relativamente nueva para descontaminar suelos es la fitorremediación, que emplea plantas y microorganismos asociados. El primer paso es detectar las especies vegetales tolerantes, lo que constituye el objetivo de este trabajo. Se realizó un experimento en laboratorio para evaluar la germinación, la supervivencia y el crecimiento de distintas especies en diferentes concentraciones de boro. Al comienzo y al final del experimento se determinó la concentración de boro en el sustrato para cada tratamiento y para sustratos con y sin vegetación. Se encontraron diferencias significativas debidas al tratamiento, la especie y la interacción especie *tratamiento. M. sativa, N. glauca y J. mimosifolia fueron las especies de mayor tolerancia al boro. Las otras especies presentaron una disminución en todas las variables-respuesta en función de la concentración del contaminante. Todas presentaron una baja supervivencia en la máxima concentración. La disminución de boro fue máxima en el tratamiento de 30 ppm de boro con M. sativa y la menor se registró en los tratamiento de 20 ppm de boro con J. mimosifolia y de 30 ppm de boro con T. stans y S. oleraceae. Se concluye que N. glauca, M. sativa y J. mimosifolia podrían considerarse como prometedoras en remediación.


Subject(s)
Magnoliopsida/drug effects , Boron/toxicity , Germination/drug effects , Argentina , Magnoliopsida/growth & development , Bignoniaceae/drug effects , Bignoniaceae/growth & development , Environmental Restoration and Remediation/methods , Medicago sativa/drug effects , Medicago sativa/growth & development , Spinacia oleracea/drug effects , Spinacia oleracea/growth & development , Time Factors , Nicotiana/drug effects , Nicotiana/growth & development
7.
Rio de Janeiro; ACT; 2007. tab, graf.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS, ColecionaSUS, Inca | ID: biblio-939024
8.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 13(4): 267-270, abr. 2003. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-346119

ABSTRACT

The International Association of Tobacco Growers (IATG) has publicly blamed WHOÆs tobacco control policies for a decline in the amount of land where tobacco is grown in the Americas and for the fact that many farmers have lost a way to make a living. Contrary to these allegations, the surface of land where tobacco is grown and the production of tobacco have increased between 1990 and 2000 (from 471 975 to 505 636 hectares and from 703 431 to 868 302 metric tons, respectively). Furthermore, the IATGÆs internal documents point to the cause of the declining harvests observed in some countries as being the drop in prices that has been triggered by surplus production on a global scale. According to internal documents belonging to the tobacco industry, the IATG is a public relations agency that was created by the industry as its spokesman in developing countries in an effort to curb tobacco control initiatives. WHO aims to reduce the use of tobacco products and the morbidity and mortality that are attributable to such use, a measure which will have no impact on the current generation of tobacco growers because, even if the prevalence of smoking does decline, the total number of smokers will continue to grow due to the overall increase in the size of the population


Subject(s)
Humans , Agriculture/statistics & numerical data , Tobacco Industry/statistics & numerical data , Nicotiana/growth & development , World Health Organization , Agriculture/economics , Prevalence , Public Relations/economics , Public Relations/statistics & numerical data , Smoking/epidemiology , Tobacco Industry/economics
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